MID CENTURY CHALLENGES TO BRITISH AUTHORITY

I. The Great Awakening

II. American Enlightenment

II. French and Indian War

III. Economic Shift

IV. Land Conflicts
A. Susquehannah Company
(Pennamite Wars)
B. Paxton Boys
C. South Carolina Regulators
D. North Carolina Regulators
E. The Boston Fire of 1860

V. Significance

Colonial Virginia

I. Founding Pains
A. Settlement
B. Headright
C. House of Burgesses
D. Royal Colony

II. Economy: “The Crop that Cureth”
A. The Chesapeake
B. Labor trouble
Indentured Servitude
Slavery

III. Cavalier Culture
A. Violence
B. Bacon’s Rebellion

IV. Significance

Plymouth Rock

COLONIAL EPITAPHS

In Memory of Mr JOHN GOODSPEED Who departed thisLife Aug ye 28 1786 in ye 66th yearof his Age. Mark traveller this humble stone 'Tis death's kind warning to prepare Thou too must hasten to the tomb And mingle with corruption there

In memory of Freeman Kingman Son of Simeon Kingman & Rebecca his wife who was drowned Jan 14 1793 in the 12th yearof his age. Also in memory of their infant daughter who died Oct 13 1791

In Memory ofMrs Abigail Sturgis Relict of Sam'l Sturgis Esq'r of Barnstable who died February 9 1795in the 63 Yearof her Age

Philander Shaw Son ofthe Rev Philander Shaw & Mrs Lucy his wife died Jan'y 27th 1800 aged 7 weeks

In Memory ofPrince Son to Mr John& Mrs Mary Bodfishhe died Oct'r 4 1793in ye 3 year of his age. Come now behold and shed a tear To see a first born slainWho liv'd and died in innocence And turned to dust again

Here lies Ye Body ofABIGAIL WINSLOW LEWIS Daug'r of Mr WINSLOW& Mrs MARY LEWIS died June 30th 1767 Aged 12 Years

Here lies the Body ofMrs ABIGAIL ADAMS the amiable Consort of Dr SAMUEL ADAMS who died in Childbed July 8th 1774in the 24th Yearof her Age

Here lie the Remains of Rev Mr JOHN AVERY Who Departed this Life ye23d of April 1754 in the69th Year of His Age and44th of His Ministry and the First Pastor Ordained inthis Place.
In this dark cavern, in this lonesome GraveHere lies the honest, pious, virtuous FriendHim, Kind Heav'n to us priest and doctor gaveAs such he lived, as such we mourn his end

Here are deposited the Remains ofMr BENJAMIN BANGS who departed this Lif eOctober 31st Anno Domini 1769Aged 48 Years and 4 Months. Some hearty friend shall drop his tearOn my dry Bones and say"These once were strong as mine appearAnd mine must be as they" Thus shall our moulding Members teach What now our Senses learnFor Dust and Ashes loudest preachMan's infinite Concern
In Memory ofCapt SOLOMON BANGS who died Jan'y 19th1797Aged 68 Years EDMOND FREEMANBORN IN ENGLAND 1590DIED IN SANDWICH 1682. A FOUNDEROF THETOWN OF SANDWICHIN 1637. ASSISTANT TOGOVERNOR BRADFORD1640 - 1647

HERE LYES BURIEDTHE BODY OF MrsRUTH CHIPMANAGED 71 YEARSDIED OCTOBER Ye 4th1713. Blessed are ye DeadThat die in the Lord

Here lieth Jesseye Son of Merina Negro Servant to Melatiah Bourne Esq died Septye 17 1737 Aged2 Years and 6 Mo

HERE LYETH Ye BODYOF SHEARJASHUB BOURNESQ'R WHO DEPARTED THISLIFE MARCH Ye 7th 1718/19IN THE 76 YEAR OF HIS AGE HE WAS A VIRTUOUS RIGHTEOUS & MERCIFUL MANAND A GREAT FRIEND TO Ye INDIANS. PRECIOUS IN Ye SIGHT OF YeLORDIS Ye DEATH OF THIS SAINT

THE COLONIZERS

I. Remember, colonies=tensions.
(Anglo-Indian, Anglo-French, etc.)

A. French: (mainly Jesuit priests)
Giovanni da Verazzano: 1524

French priest: "It is you women who are the cause of all our misfortunes... it is you who keep the demons among us. You are lazy about going to prayers; when you pass before the cross you never salute it; you wish to be independent. Now, know that you will obey your husbands."

Quebec: 1608

B. The Dutch:1609-1644:
Hudson River Valley
Peter Stuyvesant
New Amsterdam: 1624
Dutch West India Company
Manhattan in 1700

C. The English:

Why colonize?
Ø Religious Reasons
Ø Social Reasons
Ø Economic Reasons

1. Pilgrims: Plymouth, 1620

Mayflower Compact: Why is this considered the first
document that establishes American democracy?

IN THE NAME OF GOD, AMEN. We whose names are underwritten, the loyal subjects of our dread sovereign Lord, King James, by the grace of God, of Great Britain, France and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, etc.
Having undertaken, for the glory of God, and advancement of the Christian faith and honor of our King and Country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia, do by these presents, solemnly and mutually in the presence of God, and of one another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil body politic, for our better ordering and preservation and furtherance of the ends aforesaid; and by virtue hereof to enact, constitute and frame such just and equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions and offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general good of the Colony: unto which we promise all due submission and obedience.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF we have hereunder subscribed our names at Cape Cod, the 11 of November, the year of the reign of our sovereign Lord James; of England, France and Ireland the eighteenth, and of Scotland the fifty-fourth. Ano Dom. 1620.

2. The Puritans

a. Religious Life:
Puritan Theology

Heresy:
Roger Williams
--complete separation of church and state
--1635=banished

Anne Hutchinson
--“you have rather been a husband than a wife.”
--1638: banished
--1642=killed

3. Danger in N.E.--Witchcraft
Magic in Puritan society

The Witch Hunt Itself
--175 arrested, 28 convicted, 22 executed

II. Virginia:
Colonial Virginia

I. Founding Pains
A. Settlement
B. Headright
C. House of Burgesses
D. Royal Colony

II. Economy: “The Crop that Cureth”
A. The Chesapeake
B. Labor trouble
Indentured Servitude
Slavery

III. Cavalier Culture
A. Violence
B. Bacon’s Rebellion

IV. Significance

BF your BFF

Reading Guide for The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin
Historian Walter Isaacson tells us, Franklin "had faith in the wisdom of the common man and felt that a new nation would draw its strength from what he called 'the middling people'...The essence of Franklin is that he was a civic-minded man. He cared more about public behavior than inner piety, and he was more interested in building the City of Man than the City of God."

You will not turn these questions in, but will should guide your reading and aid your understanding of this book. The more specific page numbers you use, the better our discussion will be.

1. Describe the tone of this autobiography. Point to examples of Franklin’s tone sounding arrogant. Point to examples of Franklin’s humility.

2. How would you describe young Ben's attitude toward education, work, and financial success? Give an example or two to illustrate your answer.

3. In Part 3 of the Autobiography Franklin reflects on the problems encountered when governments are in the hands of people who pursue their own private interests at the expense of the public good. What solution does he advocate? How realistic do you think it is?

4. Give some examples of how Franklin spends his time making society better. Why do you think he does this? What is the purpose of the Junto club?

5. Give some examples of how Franklin spends time trying to improve himself.

6. What was Franklin’s daily life like?

7. Describe Franklin’s religious beliefs. What does the passage about George Whitefield say about Franklin’s view of religion?

8. And finally, do you think he was right in recognizing the tendency of politicians to seek after their own interest at the expense of the public good? Can you cite examples of such behavior in our current state, local, and national government?

9. Can values be taught in schools? Should they be? Is it possible to agree on a single list of “virtues”? Former Secretary of Education and sometime Republican presidential candidate, William Bennett, in his best selling Book of Virtues, suggests that every American school boy and girl should be made to read and study the values contained in this eighteenth-century book. What are those values? Are they still applicable today?

CREATION STORIES

Yaudanchi Creation Account
(The Yaudanchi live in the south-central San Joaquin Valley of California).

Everything was water except a very small piece of ground. On this were the eagle and the coyote. Then the turtle swam to them. They sent it to dive for the earth at the bottom of the water. The turtle barely succeeded in reaching the bottom and touching it with its foot.
When it came up again, all the earth seemed washed out. Coyote looked closely at its nails. At last he found a grain of earth. Then he and the eagle took this and laid it down. From it they made the earth as large as it is. From the earth they also made six men and six women.
They sent these out in pairs in different directions and the people separated. After a time the eagle sent the coyote to see what the
people were doing. Coyote came back and said: "They are doing something bad. They are eating the earth. One side is already gone." The eagle said: " That is bad. Let us make something for them to eat. Let us send the dove to find something." The dove went out. It found a single grain of meal. The eagle and coyote put this down on the ground. Then the earth became covered with seeds and fruit. Now they told the people to eat these. When the seeds were dry and ripe the people gathered them. Then the people increased and spread all over. But the water is still under the world.



White River Lakota Origin Story

Rabbit Boy:
In the old days, there lived a rabbit - a very lively, playful, good-hearted rabbit. One day this rabbit was walking, enjoying himself, when he came across a clot of blood. How it got there, nobody knows. It looked like a blister, a little bladder full of red liquid. Well, the playful rabbit began toying with that clot of blood, kicking it around as if it were a tiny ball. Now, we Indians believe in Takuskanskan, the mysterious power of motion. Its spirit is in anything that moves. It animates things and makes them come alive.
Well, the rabbit got into this strange moving power without even knowing it, and the motion of being kicked around, or rather the spirit of the motion - and I hope you can grasp what I mean by that - began to work on the little blob of blood so that it took shape, forming a little gut.
The rabbit kicked it some more, and the blob began to grow tiny hands and arms. The rabbit kept nudging it, and suddenly it had eyes and a beating heart. In this way the rabbit, with the help of the mysterious moving power, formed a human being, a little boy. The rabbit called him "We-Ota-Wichasha", Much-Blood Boy, but he is better known as Rabbit Boy. The rabbit took him to his wife, and both of them loved this strange little boy as if he were their only son. They dressed him up in a beautiful buckskin shirt, which they painted with the sacred red color and decorated with designs made of porcupine quills.
The boy grew up happily among the rabbits. When he was almost a man, the old rabbit took him aside and said: "Son, I must tell you that you are not what you think you are - a rabbit like me. You are a human. We love you and we hate to let you go, but you must leave and find your own people." Rabbit Boy started walking until he came to a village of human beings, where he saw boys who looked like himself. He went into the village. The people could not help staring at this strange boy in his beautiful buckskin clothes.
"Where are you from?" they asked him. "I am from another village," said Rabbit Boy, though this was not true. There was no other village in the whole world, for as I told you, the earth was still in its beginning. In the village was a beautiful girl who fell in love with Rabbit Boy, not only for his fine clothes, but also for his good looks and kind heart. Her people, too, wanted him to marry into the village, wanted a man with his great mystery power to live among them. And Rabbit Boy had a vision. In it he was wrestling with the sun, racing the sun, playing hand games with the sun - and always winning. But Iktome, the wicked Spider Man, the mean trickster, prankster, and witch doctor, wanted that beautiful girl for himself. He began to say bad things about Rabbit Boy.
"Look at him," Iktome said, "showing off his buckskin outfit to us who are too poor to have such fine things." And to the men he also said:
"How come you're letting him marry a girl from your village?" He also told them:
"In case you want me to, I have a magic hoop to throw over that Rabbit Boy. It will make him helpless." Several boys said, "Iktome is right." They were jealous of Rabbit Boy on account of his strange power, his wisdom and generosity. They began to fight him, and Spider Man threw his magic hoop over him. Though it had no effect on Rabbit Boy, he pretended to be helpless to amuse himself. The village boys and young men tied Rabbit Boy to a tree with rawhide thongs. The evil Spider Man was encouraging them: "Let's take our butchering knives and cut him up!" "Friends, *kola-pila,*.." said Rabbit Boy, "if you are going to kill me, let me sing my death song first." And he sang: Friends, friends,I have fought the sun. He tried to burn me up,But he could not do it. Even battling the sun, I held my own. After the death song, the villagers killed Rabbit Boy and cut him up into chunks of meat, which they put in a soup pot. But Rabbit Boy was not hurt easily. A storm arose, and a great cloud hid the face of the sun, turning everything into black night.
When the cloud was gone, the chunks of meat had disappeared without a trace. But those who had watched closely had seen the chunks forming up again into a body, had seen him going up to heaven on a beam of sunlight. A wise old medicine man said, "This Rabbit Boy really has powerful medicine: he has gone up to see the sun. Soon he will come back stronger than before, because up there he will be given the sun's power. Let's marry him to that girl of ours." But the jealous spider, Iktome, said, "Why bother about him? Look at me: I am much more powerful than Rabbit Boy! Here, tie me up too; cut me up! Be quick!" Iktome thought he remembered Rabbit Boy's song. He thought there was power in it - magic strength. But Iktome did not remember the words right. He sang, Friends, friends,I have fought the moon, She tried to fight, But I won. Even battling the moon,I came out on top.
They cut Iktome up, as he had told them, but he never came to life again.
The spider had finally outsmarted himself. Evil tricksters always do.